Pressure Ulcer: Clinical and System Reviews, Incident Analyses
Given the broad range of potential causes of hospital associated Pressure Ulcers, clinical and system reviews should be conducted to identify latent causes and determine appropriate recommendations.
Occurrences of harm are often complex with many contributing factors. Organizations need to:
- Measure and monitor the types and frequency of these occurrences.
- Use appropriate analytical methods to understand the contributing factors.
- Identify and implement solutions or interventions that are designed to prevent recurrence and reduce risk of harm.
- Have mechanisms in place to mitigate consequences of harm when it occurs.
To develop a more in-depth understanding of the care delivered to patients, chart audits, incident analyses and prospective analyses can be helpful in identifying quality improvement opportunities. Links to key resources for conducting chart audits and analysis methods are included in the Hospital Harm Improvement Resources Introduction.
If your review reveals that your cases of Pressure Ulcer/Injury are linked to specific processes or procedures, you may find these resources helpful:
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) https://www.ahrq.gov/
- Chou R, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Starmer A, Reitel K. et al. Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: comparative effectiveness. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143579/
- Preventing Pressure Ulcers in Hospital (content last reviewed 2014) https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/settings/hospital/resource/pressureulcer/tool/index.html
- British Columbia Provincial Nursing Skin and Wound Committee. https://www.clwk.ca/communities-of-practice/skin-wound-community-of-practice/
- Guideline: Prevention of Pressure Injury in Adults & Children, BC; 2018. https://www.clwk.ca/buddydrive/file/guideline-prevention-of-pressure-injuries-2017-november-final/
- Guideline: Prevention of skin breakdown due to pressure, friction, shear, and moisture in adults & children. BC; 2016. https://www.clwk.ca/buddydrive/file/guideline-prevention-of-skin-breakdown-2016-october/
- Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation https://onf.org/
- Houghton PE, Campbell KE, CPG Panel. Canadian Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers in People with Spinal Cord Injury: A Resource Handbook for Clinicians. Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation; 2013. https://onf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Pressure_Ulcers_Best_Practice_Guideline_Final_web4.pdf
- National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel https://npiap.com/
- Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline. The International Guideline 2019 (available for purchase) https://npiap.com/page/2019Guideline
- National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel. NPIAP COVID-19 Related Resources for Pressure Injury Prevention. Published April 2, 2020. https://cdn.ymaws.com/npiap.com/resource/resmgr/press_releases/NPIAP_COVID_Resourcesnew.pdf
- Munoz N, Posthauer ME, Cereda E, Schols JMGA, Haesler E. The Role of Nutrition for Pressure Injury Prevention and Healing: The 2019 International Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2020;33(3):123-136. doi:10.1097/01.ASW.0000653144.90739.ad https://cdn.ymaws.com/npiap.com/resource/resmgr/The_Role_of_Nutrition_for_Pr.pdf
- NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence https://www.nice.org.uk/
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Pressure ulcers: prevention and management. NICE clinical guideline 179. NICE; 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg179/chapter/1-recommendations#/prevention-adults
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Clinical audit tools. NICE clinical guideline 179. NICE; 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg179/resources
- Registered Nurses Association of Ontario www.RNAO.ca
- Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO). Assessment and Management of Pressure Injuries for the Interprofessional Team, Third Edition. RNAO https://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/pressure-injuries?_ga=2.217886358.1660361549.1612547869-2064009347.1608227925
- Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO). Risk Assessment and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers. RNAO; 2011.
https://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/risk-assessment-and-prevention-pressure-ulcers - STOP THE PRESSURE http://nhs.stopthepressure.co.uk/index.html